The drug was approved by the FDA in January 2021 for use in people suffering from acute radiation syndrome following "a nuclear explosion, an accident at a nuclear reactor, a radiotherapy accident ...Aug 11, 2023 · The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the report published by TMR, a valuation of US$ 9.6 Jan 22, 2015 · Delayed dose. Although there are no approved anti-radiation drugs on the market, a number of other therapies are in development, but most must be given within about 24 hours of exposure. “A drug ... We aimed at establishing novel therapeutic avenues for the development and clinical applications of radiation protective drugs. Anti-Radiation Active Compounds of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Active compounds in Chinese herbal medicines can scavenge for free radicals, reduce DNA damage, promote post-injury repair, and reduce cell apoptosis.The US spent $290 million on anti-radiation pills to save lives after a "nuclear emergency". The US Department for Health and Human Services said the purchase was part of a "long-standing program"20 Minutes in the Future, medical advances will bring us anti-rad drugs — special substances made for the purpose of treating the harmful effects of radiation on the human body. Whether they are called Rad-X, Rad-Away, hyronalin, Neutrad, or just Anti-Rad, these drugs usually fall into two main categories: Preventative anti-rad drugs, meant ...Nplate is also approved for adult and pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia, a blood disorder resulting in low platelet counts. Repurposing drugs for acute radiation syndrome that also are approved for a commercial indication helps to sustain availability of the product and improves healthcare provider familiarity with the drug.Antineoplastic drugs used to shrink cancer cells before radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy. Chemotherapy administered after other treatments to shrink remaining cancer cells.To reduce radiation-induced bleeding, Nplate stimulates the body’s production of platelets. The drug can be used to treat adults and children. Nplate is also approved for adult and pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia, a blood disorder resulting in low platelet counts. Repurposing drugs for acute radiation syndrome that also are ...But they had to develop a way of making this effect temporary and reversible. "We demonstrated the drug is efficacious when injected before radiation and after radiation. "In summary, CBLB502 reduces radiation toxicity without diminishing the therapeutic anti-tumour effect of radiation and without promoting radiation-induced carcinogenicity."Radiation sickness agents treat the symptoms of Acute Radiation Sickness. This includes medications to treat a gastrointestinal injury and its symptoms, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. This category might include antibiotics to treat opportunistic infections from the impact of reduced white blood cells.These treatments include the following: Potassium Iodide (KI) Prussian Blue DTPA (Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate)Chelation therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Chelation therapy has a long history of use in clinical toxicology and remains in use for some very specific medical treatments, although it is administered under very careful medical supervision due to various inherent risks.The mechanisms of anti-radiation action: The optimal condition of protective action: Antioxidan: Enzyme and non-enzyme anti-radical effect, activation of Nrf2/KeapI and Sirtuin/FoxO pathway: Low-dose-rate irradiation, repeated prophylactic dose of drugs and nutrient supplement: Pro-oxidantMay 16, 2011 · Since 2008, the official body has invested $164m into anti-radiation drug candidates. Countermeasures against ARS under development in companies and funded by federal programmes currently range from stem cell treatments to toll-like receptor agonists. The Maryland-based stem cell company Osiris Therapeutics has recently received a contract from ... The mechanisms of anti-radiation action: The optimal condition of protective action: Antioxidan: Enzyme and non-enzyme anti-radical effect, activation of Nrf2/KeapI and Sirtuin/FoxO pathway: Low-dose-rate irradiation, repeated prophylactic dose of drugs and nutrient supplement: Pro-oxidantMay 12, 2023 · 4. Glutathione. Glutathione, a water-soluble antioxidant available in supplement and tincture form, is essential in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and heavy metals. Beyond its role in cellular defense, glutathione may also help counteract the detrimental effects of EMF radiation. What are anti-radiation pills? Potassium iodide (KI) tablets, or anti-radiation pills, are known to provide some protection in cases of radiation exposure. They contain non-radioactive iodine and can help block absorption, and subsequent concentration, of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland.4. Glutathione. Glutathione, a water-soluble antioxidant available in supplement and tincture form, is essential in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and heavy metals. Beyond its role in cellular defense, glutathione may also help counteract the detrimental effects of EMF radiation.Nplate, a drug manufactured by Amgen USA Inc., was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2008 for long-term treatment of an autoimmune disease that can cause excessive bleeding. In January 2021, the FDA approved Nplate for treating injuries caused by radiation sickness in adults and children, including newborns.Oct 6, 2022 · AP Photo, File. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced this week that the Biden administration agency has procured $290 million worth of a drug used to counter negative ... Wilmington, Delaware, United States, Aug. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the report ...What are anti-radiation pills? Potassium iodide (KI) tablets, or anti-radiation pills, are known to provide some protection in cases of radiation exposure. They contain non-radioactive iodine and can help block absorption, and subsequent concentration, of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland.Dec 13, 2022 · WILMINGTON, Del., Dec. 13, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The global anti-radiation drugs market was valued at US$ 3.4 Bn in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. Increase in ... Is there anti radiation medication? The most common ‘drug’ on the market is a salt of stable, not-radioactive iodine. The two FDA-approved companies that make the salt are Anbex and Fleming Pharmaceuticals in the United States. What is Anti radiation Chip? The radiation emitted from electronic gadgets can be managed with anti radiation chips.Feb 1, 2003 · FDA Wants Anti-Radiation Drug. A centuries-old blue dye can be used to protect humans from radiation contamination. The Food and Drug Administration wants a medicinal version made to treat victims ... Aug 1, 2018 · Chelation therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Chelation therapy has a long history of use in clinical toxicology and remains in use for some very specific medical treatments, although it is administered under very careful medical supervision due to various inherent risks. Nplate is also approved for adult and pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia, a blood disorder resulting in low platelet counts. Repurposing drugs for acute radiation syndrome that also are approved for a commercial indication helps to sustain availability of the product and improves healthcare provider familiarity with the drug.WHO recommends stockpiling radiation drugs in case of ‘nuclear emergency’. The explosion and mushroom cloud resulting from the Trinity nuclear explosion. (U.S. Department of Energy/Released) The World Health Organization (WHO) updated its list of recommended drugs to stockpile for nuclear emergencies on Friday for the first time since 2007.Prussian blue side effects. Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Prussian blue may cause serious side effects. Call your doctor at once if you have: severe constipation; or. severe stomach pain.Anti-rad drugs are stalkers' main method of clearing radiation poisoning after exposure to irradiated areas, mutants, or artifacts in The Zone. Anti-rad drugs are common amongst stalkers, regardless of their experience or affiliation. Anti-rad's way of application differs throughout the series, its either a packet consisting of two blue and red ... KI Is Not an “Anti-Radiation” Drug. Radioactive iodine contamination is mainly associated with nuclear power plant accidents. In other types of nuclear emergencies, such as a nuclear detonation, the biggest risk is external exposure to many types of radioactive materials. It is best to shelter in place for protection. Learn More Dec 13, 2022 · The global anti-radiation drugs market was valued at US$ 3.4 Bn in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. Increase in demand for drugs, such as Prussian Blue ... Oct 5, 2022 · A $290 million procurement of the drug Nplate, to treat acute radiation syndrome (ARS), was announced by the US Health and Human Services (HSS). The government confirmed it was the first purchase ... The global anti-radiation drugs market was valued at US$ 3.4 Bn in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. Increase in demand for drugs, such as Prussian Blue ...A $290 million procurement of the drug Nplate, to treat acute radiation syndrome (ARS), was announced by the US Health and Human Services (HSS). The government confirmed it was the first purchase ...Authored by Chris Menahan via InformationLiberation.com, The Biden regime is buying up $290 million in anti-radiation drugs for use in "nuclear emergencies" amid escalating tensions with Russia and heightened threats of a nuclear war.The World Health Organization (WHO) today updated its list of medicines that should be stockpiled for radiological and nuclear emergencies, along with policy advice for their appropriate management. These stockpiles include medicines that either prevent or reduce exposure to radiation, or treat injuries once exposure has occurred.Compare risks and benefits of common medications used for Radiation Emergency. Find the most ...A $290 million procurement of the drug Nplate, to treat acute radiation syndrome (ARS), was announced by the US Health and Human Services (HSS). The government confirmed it was the first purchase ...Oct 6, 2022 · Nplate is also approved for adult and pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia, a blood disorder resulting in low platelet counts. Repurposing drugs for acute radiation syndrome that also are approved for a commercial indication helps to sustain availability of the product and improves healthcare provider familiarity with the drug. DTPA (Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate) is a medicine that can bind to radioactive plutonium, americium, and curium to decrease the amount of time it takes to get radioactive plutonium, americium, and curium out of the body. DTPA cannot bind all of the radioactive plutonium, americium, and curium that might get into a person’s body after a ... Jan 27, 2023 · Español. The World Health Organization (WHO) today updated its list of medicines that should be stockpiled for radiological and nuclear emergencies, along with policy advice for their appropriate management. These stockpiles include medicines that either prevent or reduce exposure to radiation, or treat injuries once exposure has occurred. The United States is stockpiling medications for radiation sickness, which might be a worrying sign of the times. On Wednesday, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced that it would spend $290 million to secure an undisclosed quantity of Amgen's blood disorder drug Nplate, which has been approved to treat blood cell injuries caused by acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in ...Oct 6, 2022 · The drug can be used to treat adults and children. Nplate is also approved for adult and pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia, a blood disorder resulting in low platelet counts. Repurposing drugs for acute radiation syndrome that also are approved for a commercial indication helps to sustain availability of the product and improves ... May 12, 2023 · 4. Glutathione. Glutathione, a water-soluble antioxidant available in supplement and tincture form, is essential in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and heavy metals. Beyond its role in cellular defense, glutathione may also help counteract the detrimental effects of EMF radiation. Dec 13, 2022 · WILMINGTON, Del., Dec. 13, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The global anti-radiation drugs market was valued at US$ 3.4 Bn in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. Increase in ... Jul 14, 2023 · The global Anti-radiation Drugs market is estimated to attain a valuation of US$ 9.6 Bn by the end of 2031, states a study by Transparency Market Research (TMR). Besides, the report notes that the market is prognosticated to expand at a CAGR of 9.9% during the forecast period, 2022-2031. The key objective of the TMR report is… Anti-Radiation pills' prices have skyrocketed. According to CNN, manufacturers of potassium iodide in the United States have recently reported rapidly depleted inventories as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which began on February 24. Meanwhile, to fulfil the rising demand for tablets, prices have been jacked up.Oct 6, 2022 · HHS Spends $290 Million On Extra Radiation Sickness Medication. It could be a "troubling sign of the times," FiercePharma says, noting the money is buying an "undisclosed" amount of the Amgen drug Nplate — approved to treat blood cell injuries from acute radiation sickness. The Department of Health and Human Services downplayed the purchase. Follow. Wilmington, Delaware, United States, Aug. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the ...Dec 13, 2022 · WILMINGTON, Del., Dec. 13, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The global anti-radiation drugs market was valued at US$ 3.4 Bn in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. Increase in ... But they had to develop a way of making this effect temporary and reversible. "We demonstrated the drug is efficacious when injected before radiation and after radiation. "In summary, CBLB502 reduces radiation toxicity without diminishing the therapeutic anti-tumour effect of radiation and without promoting radiation-induced carcinogenicity."May 16, 2011 · Since 2008, the official body has invested $164m into anti-radiation drug candidates. Countermeasures against ARS under development in companies and funded by federal programmes currently range from stem cell treatments to toll-like receptor agonists. The Maryland-based stem cell company Osiris Therapeutics has recently received a contract from ... The mechanisms of anti-radiation action: The optimal condition of protective action: Antioxidan: Enzyme and non-enzyme anti-radical effect, activation of Nrf2/KeapI and Sirtuin/FoxO pathway: Low-dose-rate irradiation, repeated prophylactic dose of drugs and nutrient supplement: Pro-oxidantThe global anti-radiation drugs market was valued at US$ 3.4 Bn in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. Increase in demand for drugs, such as Prussian Blue ...Jul 14, 2023 · The global Anti-radiation Drugs market is estimated to attain a valuation of US$ 9.6 Bn by the end of 2031, states a study by Transparency Market Research (TMR). Besides, the report notes that the market is prognosticated to expand at a CAGR of 9.9% during the forecast period, 2022-2031. The key objective of the TMR report is… Feb 15, 2021 · We aimed at establishing novel therapeutic avenues for the development and clinical applications of radiation protective drugs. Anti-Radiation Active Compounds of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Active compounds in Chinese herbal medicines can scavenge for free radicals, reduce DNA damage, promote post-injury repair, and reduce cell apoptosis. Treatment for internal contamination. Potassium iodide (ThyroShield, Iosat). This is a nonradioactive form of iodine. Prussian blue (Radiogardase). This type of dye binds to particles of radioactive elements known as cesium and thallium. The radioactive particles are ... Diethylenetriamine ... Given these recent developments, the Biden administration has bought $290 million of anti-radiation drugs this week to prepare the country for threats to national security. . The HHS has confirmed ...Aug 7, 2014 · The mechanisms of anti-radiation action: The optimal condition of protective action: Antioxidan: Enzyme and non-enzyme anti-radical effect, activation of Nrf2/KeapI and Sirtuin/FoxO pathway: Low-dose-rate irradiation, repeated prophylactic dose of drugs and nutrient supplement: Pro-oxidant 20 Minutes in the Future, medical advances will bring us anti-rad drugs — special substances made for the purpose of treating the harmful effects of radiation on the human body. Whether they are called Rad-X, Rad-Away, hyronalin, Neutrad, or just Anti-Rad, these drugs usually fall into two main categories: Preventative anti-rad drugs, meant ... Oct 6, 2022 · The drug can be used to treat adults and children. Nplate is also approved for adult and pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia, a blood disorder resulting in low platelet counts. Repurposing drugs for acute radiation syndrome that also are approved for a commercial indication helps to sustain availability of the product and improves ... Jan 27, 2023 · WHO recommends stockpiling radiation drugs in case of ‘nuclear emergency’. The explosion and mushroom cloud resulting from the Trinity nuclear explosion. (U.S. Department of Energy/Released) The World Health Organization (WHO) updated its list of recommended drugs to stockpile for nuclear emergencies on Friday for the first time since 2007. Jan 27, 2023 · WHO recommends stockpiling radiation drugs in case of ‘nuclear emergency’. The explosion and mushroom cloud resulting from the Trinity nuclear explosion. (U.S. Department of Energy/Released) The World Health Organization (WHO) updated its list of recommended drugs to stockpile for nuclear emergencies on Friday for the first time since 2007. Serotonin (5-HT3) antagonists block the effects of serotonin, a substance that commonly triggers nausea and vomiting. These drugs are effective at controlling acute nausea and vomiting and are usually given before chemo and then for a few days afterward. (Examples: ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron) May 16, 2011 · Since 2008, the official body has invested $164m into anti-radiation drug candidates. Countermeasures against ARS under development in companies and funded by federal programmes currently range from stem cell treatments to toll-like receptor agonists. The Maryland-based stem cell company Osiris Therapeutics has recently received a contract from ... A n announcement that the Department of Health and Human Services spent $290 million on a drug used to treat radiation sickness earlier this month raised eyebrows amid an uptick in nuclear threats ...A prescription medication used to combat cesium and thallium radiation poisoning. By trapping radioactive material in the intestines, Prussian Blue aids in its elimination from the body. Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA). It plays a crucial role in addressing exposure to plutonium, americium, and curium.Two drugs can block the deadly effects of radiation poisoning in mice when given up to 24 hours after exposure. The finding points to a possible new way to protect against radiation injury from environmental exposures or cancer therapy. High doses of radiation—whether from medical therapy or a large-scale nuclear emergency—can harm the body ...Sep 17, 2012 · Cleveland Biolabs, a clinical-stage biotechnology company based out of Buffalo, NY (CBLI) with subsidiaries in Russia (covered later), has developed an anti-radiation drug CBLB502 (now known as ... Oct 6, 2022 · The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) says it has spent $290 million on a drug to treat radiation sickness in the event of a nuclear emergency. The HHS Administration for Strategic ... The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the report published by TMR, a valuation of US$ 9.6Oct 6, 2022 · A radiation warning sign near the ghost town of Pripyat not far from Chernobyl in 2017 in Ukraine. The Biden Administration purchased $290 million worth of a nuclear emergency drug administered by subcutaneous injection amid escalating nuclear brinkmanship between the Russian Federation and NATO. (Image: Sean Gallup/Getty Images) Follow. Wilmington, Delaware, United States, Aug. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the ...What are anti-radiation pills? Potassium iodide (KI) tablets, or anti-radiation pills, are known to provide some protection in cases of radiation exposure. They contain non-radioactive iodine and can help block absorption, and subsequent concentration, of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland.20 Minutes in the Future, medical advances will bring us anti-rad drugs — special substances made for the purpose of treating the harmful effects of radiation on the human body. Whether they are called Rad-X, Rad-Away, hyronalin, Neutrad, or just Anti-Rad, these drugs usually fall into two main categories: Preventative anti-rad drugs, meant ... Oct 5, 2022 · A $290 million procurement of the drug Nplate, to treat acute radiation syndrome (ARS), was announced by the US Health and Human Services (HSS). The government confirmed it was the first purchase ... Aug 11, 2023 · The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the report published by TMR, a valuation of US$ 9.6 Prussian blue side effects. Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Prussian blue may cause serious side effects. Call your doctor at once if you have: severe constipation; or. severe stomach pain.WHO says a radiation emergency stockpile needs stable iodine, chelating sand decorporating agents, cytokines, and medicines to treat vomiting, diarrhea, and infections. Aug 11, 2023 · Follow. Wilmington, Delaware, United States, Aug. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the ... Radiation sickness agents treat the symptoms of Acute Radiation Sickness. This includes medications to treat a gastrointestinal injury and its symptoms, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. This category might include antibiotics to treat opportunistic infections from the impact of reduced white blood cells. The US just spent $290 million on anti-radiation pills used to "save lives following radiation and nuclear emergencies". The US Department for Health and Human Services (HHS) announced Tuesday it ...
Prussian blue side effects. Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Prussian blue may cause serious side effects. Call your doctor at once if you have: severe constipation; or. severe stomach pain.. Networkzf
Prussian blue traps radioactive cesium and thallium in the intestines to keep them from being absorbed by the body. These radioactive materials move through the intestines and pass out of the body (excrete) in bowel movements. Getting these materials out of the body help limit the amount of time they expose the body to radiation. Anti-rad drugs are stalkers' main method of clearing radiation poisoning after exposure to irradiated areas, mutants, or artifacts in The Zone. Anti-rad drugs are common amongst stalkers, regardless of their experience or affiliation. Anti-rad's way of application differs throughout the series, its either a packet consisting of two blue and red ... Aug 7, 2014 · The mechanisms of anti-radiation action: The optimal condition of protective action: Antioxidan: Enzyme and non-enzyme anti-radical effect, activation of Nrf2/KeapI and Sirtuin/FoxO pathway: Low-dose-rate irradiation, repeated prophylactic dose of drugs and nutrient supplement: Pro-oxidant May 16, 2011 · Since 2008, the official body has invested $164m into anti-radiation drug candidates. Countermeasures against ARS under development in companies and funded by federal programmes currently range from stem cell treatments to toll-like receptor agonists. The Maryland-based stem cell company Osiris Therapeutics has recently received a contract from ... Aug 11, 2023 · Follow. Wilmington, Delaware, United States, Aug. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the ... Radiation sickness agents treat the symptoms of Acute Radiation Sickness. This includes medications to treat a gastrointestinal injury and its symptoms, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. This category might include antibiotics to treat opportunistic infections from the impact of reduced white blood cells.Chelation therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Chelation therapy has a long history of use in clinical toxicology and remains in use for some very specific medical treatments, although it is administered under very careful medical supervision due to various inherent risks.Aug 11, 2023 · Follow. Wilmington, Delaware, United States, Aug. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the ... Oct 26, 2022 · Nplate, a drug manufactured by Amgen USA Inc., was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2008 for long-term treatment of an autoimmune disease that can cause excessive bleeding. In January 2021, the FDA approved Nplate for treating injuries caused by radiation sickness in adults and children, including newborns. Authored by Chris Menahan via InformationLiberation.com, The Biden regime is buying up $290 million in anti-radiation drugs for use in "nuclear emergencies" amid escalating tensions with Russia and heightened threats of a nuclear war.Aug 11, 2023 · Wilmington, Delaware, United States, Aug. 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global anti-radiation drugs market is projected to flourish at a CAGR of 9.9% from 2022 to 2031. As per the report ... Jan 22, 2015 · Delayed dose. Although there are no approved anti-radiation drugs on the market, a number of other therapies are in development, but most must be given within about 24 hours of exposure. “A drug ... In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma radiation (γ) particle radiation, such as alpha radiation (α), beta ... Aside from radiation sickness caused by nuclear attacks or accidents, anti-radiation drugs could have applications for people receiving radiation therapy for cancer, those with weakened...Oct 6, 2022 · Nplate is also approved for adult and pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia, a blood disorder resulting in low platelet counts. Repurposing drugs for acute radiation syndrome that also are approved for a commercial indication helps to sustain availability of the product and improves healthcare provider familiarity with the drug. .